Precision genetic modification of the mammalian genome

Abstract

The potential of transgenesis to achieve rational and efficient animal improvement has been recognised for some time. Commercial application of this technology has been restricted by inherent limitations of existing methodologies, and a shortage of candidate genes for transfer. Recent advances, notably in the areas of mammalian reproductive technologies and whole genome sequencing, provide, for the first time, realistic prospects for directed genetic modification of the mammalian genome in a commercially relevant manner. Augmentation of traditional breeding objectives with transgenic technologies can be expected to improve the efficiency of existing breeding programs, while the opportunity to introduce novel genes and gene combinations, and modify endogenous genes with precision, raises the possibility of developing animals with novel properties, specifically designed for niche markets of enormous value. Modification of the genome by transgenesis is therefore likely to become an important component of livestock industries. While Australia has access to the relevant technologies, the pace of international progress has not been matched locally, and this could compromise the competitiveness of local industries. Animal transgenesis provides an example of how strategic investment in key emergent technologies at a local level can be critical for both the establishment and maintenance of industries of international importance.