Graphitic carbon nanocage as a stable and high power anode for potassium-ion batteries

Abstract

As an emerging electrochemical energy storage device, potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have drawn growing interest due to the resource-abundance and low cost of potassium. Graphite-based materials, as the most common anodes for commercial Li-ion batteries, have a very low capacity when used an anode for Na-ion batteries, but they show reasonable capacities as anodes for PIBs. The practical application of graphitic materials in PIBs suffers from poor cyclability, however, due to the large interlayer expansion/shrinkage caused by the intercalation/deintercalation of potassium ions. Here, a highly graphitic carbon nanocage (CNC) is reported as a PIBs anode, which exhibits excellent cyclability and superior depotassiation capacity of 175 mAh g⁻¹ at 35 C. The potassium storage mechanism in CNC is revealed by cyclic voltammetry as due to redox reactions (intercalation/deintercalation) and double-layer capacitance (surface adsorption/desorption). The present results give new insights into structural design for graphitic anode materials in PIBs and understanding the double-layer capacitance effect in alkali metal ion batteries.